Have, has, had
De engelska orden have, has och had kan på svenska översättas till ha, har och hade. Men det är inte alltid lätt att veta vilket av dessa ord som ska användas och särskilt svårt kan det vara att välja mellan have och has som båda kan användas i betydelsen har.
Vad som skiljer ut situationer när det ska vara have respektive has är: 1) vilket pronomen är det, 2) är det singular eller plural? Dessa två regler är viktigast att hålla reda på när du ska översätta svenskans har till engelska. Mer regler som kan vara aktuella presenteras tillsammans med exempel längre ned.
Pronomen i olika tempus
Hur have, has och had används beroende på tempus.
| I have | jag har |
| you have | du har |
| he, she, it has | han, hon, det har |
| we have | vi har |
| you have | ni har |
| they have | de har |
Have används alltså alltid förutom ett undantag i presens som uttrycker nutid.
| I had | jag hade |
| you had | du hade |
| he, she, it had | han, hon, det hade |
| we had | vi hade |
| you had | ni hade |
| they had | de hade |
Had används alltså alltid i preteritum som uttrycker dåtid.
| I have had | jag har haft |
| you have had | du har haft |
| he, she, it has had | han, hon, det har haft |
| we have had | vi har haft |
| you have had | ni har haft |
| they have had | de har haft |
Perfekt är ett sammansatt tempus som uttrycker förluten tid.
| I had had | jag hade haft |
| you had had | du hade haft |
| he, she, it had had | han, hon, det hade haft |
| we had had | vi hade haft |
| you had had | ni hade haft |
| they had had | de hade haft |
Pluskvamperfekt är ett sammansatt tempus som uttrycker förluten tid.
| I will have | jag ska ha |
| you will have | du ska ha |
| he, she, it will have | han, hon, det ska ha |
| we will have | vi ska ha |
| you will have | ni ska ha |
| they will have | de ska ha |
Will have används alltså alltid i futurum som är ett sammansatt tempus som uttrycker framtid.
Modus
Have kan även användas som modus och kallas då konditionalis.
| I would have | jag skulle ha |
| you would have | du skulle ha |
| he, she, it would have | han, hon, det skulle ha |
| we would have | vi skulle ha |
| you would have | ni skulle ha |
| they would have | de skulle ha |
Singular och plural
Has används för pronomenen he, she och it, det vill säga tredje person singular.
Exempel
She/he had a red shirt. Hon/han hade en röd tröja.
It had a sweet taste. Det hade en söt smak.
Have används dock i tredje person singular i nekande fraser och i frågor och med en do-konstruktion.
ExempelShe/he doesn't have a red shirt know. Hon/han har inte en röd tröja.
Does it have a sweet taste? Har det en söt smak?
Have används efter substantiv i plural.
ExempelMany kinds of desserts have a soft taste. Många sorters efterrätter har en söt smak.
Have
Have används för de flesta pronomen (I/you/we/they) och även då ordet föregås av substantiv i plural.
Exempel
I have a cat.
Regel: I have
You can have my coat.
Regel: you have
We don’t have any pets.
Regel: we have
Four chapters have been edited.
Regel: they (four chapters) have
Tommy's ideas seems to have been the most popular.
Regel: have föregås av substantiv i plural (ideas)
Has
Has används i presens och perfekt för pronomenen he, she och it, det vill säga tredje person singular.
Exempel
He has a dog.
Regel: he has
She has been sick for a while.
Regel: she has
It has to be right.
Regel: it has
Chapter four has been edited.
Regel: it (Chapter four) has
Had
Had kan översättas till både hade och haft, men används också i betydelsen var tvungen att (had to).
Exempel
They had many things to do. De hade många saker att göra.
Charles had nothing to do with the robbery. Charles hade inget med rånet att göra.
We had never heard of him. Vi hade aldrig hört talas om honom.
She had to leave. Hon var tvungen att åka.
He had to abandon the ship. Han var tvungen att överge skeppet.
Do-konstruktion
I frågor och nekande fraser används have även i tredje person singular och då med en do-konstruktion (inkl. did som är förfluten form av do).
Exempel
He doesn't have any idea.
It doesn't have to be right.
What did you have in mind?
Have been eller has been?
Även här gäller reglerna promomen samt singular/plural.
Exempel
I have been sick lately.
Regel: I have
They have been found guilty.
Regel: they have
It could be claimed that Indians have been marginalized.
Regel: have föregås av substantiv i plural (Indians)
The car has been wrecked.
Regel: It (The car) has
Have become eller has become?
Ordet become kan föregås av både have eller has beroende på pronomenet.
Exempel
I have become
you have become
he, she, it has become
we have become
you have become
they have become
Notera också att i pluskvamperfekt heter det: [pronomen] had become.
Kända personer
När kända personer omnämns ska has användas, till exempel: William Shakespeare has been considered as one of the greatest writers.
Fel eller rätt? Exempel med have och has
Rätt They have established a music company.
Fel They has established a music company.
Regel: they have
Rätt One has the right to...
Fel One have the right to...
Regel: singular (one) has
Rätt Everyone has the right to...
Fel Everyone have the right to...
Regel: singular (everyone) has
Rätt Studies have shown that people…
Fel Studies has shown that people…
Regel: plural (Studies) have
Rätt The keys that have been left...
Fel The keys that has been left...
Regel: plural (The keys) have
Rätt If two players have a flush...
Fel If two players has a flush...
Regel: plural (two players) have
Rätt When a player has attempted 24 shots...
Fel When a player have attempted 24 shots...
Regel: singular (a player) has
Rätt The page you requested has moved or doesn't exist.
Fel The page you requested have moved or doesn't exist.
Regel: it (The page) has
Rätt I will have more time for my family from now on.
Fel I will has more time for my family from now on.
Regel: futurum (will) have
Rätt H.G. Wells has got a reputation as one of the inventors of the science fiction.
Fel H.G. Wells have got a reputation as one of the inventors of the science fiction.
Regel: känd person (H.G. Wells) has
Rätt A song don't have to include a chorus.
Fel A song don't has to include a chorus.
Regel: don't have
Rätt The writer must have been doing lots of research.
Fel The writer must has been doing lots of research.
Regel: must have
Rätt There are occasions when it's great to have a bike.
Fel There are occasions when it's great to has a a bike.
Regel: to have